Non- flooded mulching rice cultivation has been adopted and developed as a new water- saving cultivation technique in many regions of China since the late1980 s.But information on the effects of non- flooded mulching cultivation of rice on the productivity and sustainability of rice- wheat cropping systems is still lim ited.A unique feature of lowland rice- upland winter wheat systems is the annual conversion of soil from aerobic to anaerobic and then back to aerobic conditions. Non- flooded mulching cu...