The processes associated with the dispersal of fleshy-fruited plants have been an important focus of ecological research during the last fifteen years. These p rocesses include fruit removal, fruit consumption, seed dispersal, seed predatio n, seed bank dynamics, seed germination and seedling establishment. Some of them interfere with the mutualistic interaction of frugivorous animals and fleshy-f ruited plants. Although in ecology, the importance of scale has long been recogn ized and multi-scaled analys...