Vegetation is a community of plants. Vegetation with multi-plant species can be described by points in multi-species space, or multi-component vectors, m-vectors. An m-vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction. The magnitude of the vector expresses the mass of the vegetation, while the direction of the vector expresses the composition of the vegetation. The directions of m-vectors are essential to quantify plant communities. Vector directions can be used for both vegetation classification and v...