Predation has long been implicated as a major selective force in the evolution of several morphological and behavioural characteristics of animals.This study aims to determine experimentally how indirect cues of predator affect the copulatory behaviour and social behaviour of root voles,Microtus oeconomus.We predict that changed mating behaviour presented with silver fox,Vulpes oulpes predation risk occur in root voles.Further,we discuss the possible ultimate and proximate cause behind it.We carried out the...