Based upon the investigation of the four ecosystems of Songshan Mountain in Beijing, a comparative study was conducted on the composition, vertical structure, and community diversity of the soil macrofaunas. A new analytical method was proposed in comparing the community diversity of different soil faunas. ;The explored four ecosystems were the artificial Chinese pine (%Pinus tabulaeformis)% forest, the natural Chinese pine forest, the deciduous broad-leaved forest and the mountain-top meadow. Two sampling sites of which each was with three soil layers (Ⅰ: 0~5cm; Ⅱ: 5~10cm; Ⅲ:10~15cm) were established in each ecosystem. Soil animals were collected from these sites, and the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and pH values of the soil were also measured.;Abundant taxa of macro soil animals were found in these sites, which belong to 65 families, 23 orders, 8 classes and 4 phyla. Among these, Formicidae, Staphylinidae, Geophilidae, Mecistocephalidae, Lithobiidae and Lumbricidae were the dominant groups. They were not only abundant accounting for 20.62%, 11.56%, 7.13%, 6.74%, 6.74% and 5.20% of the total collected individual numbers respectively, but also were widespread existing in all the four ecosystems except the Lumbricidae, which was only found in three ecosystems. ;Both group numbers and individual numbers in the four macrofaunas varied in the amount in the order of mountain-top meadow fauna (D), deciduous forest fauna (C), artificial Chinese pine forest fauna (A) and natural Chinese pine forest fauna (B). In every fauna, groups and individuals in layerⅠwere much richer than those in layerⅡand layer Ⅲ. However, the numbers of groups and individuals in different soil layers and the tendency of declination with the soil depth were obviously different. Of the faunas, fauna D was the richest of all three soil layers; while fauna B was the poorest in both layerⅠand layerⅡ. And a remarkable decrease from layerⅠto layer Ⅱ for fauna B was noted. Apart from that, the numbers of groups found only in one fauna were greatly different among the faunas. Two groups were found in fauna B, which was much less than those in the other faunas.;The community diversity of the faunas was analyzed with Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′). As a result,H′ j for fauna A, B, C, D was 0.9282, 1.1335, 1.3139 and 1.2193. H′ jmax was 1.4472, 1.3802, 1.4914 and 1.5185. E j was 0.6414, 0.8213, 0.8810 and 0.8030 respectively. The significant correlation was found between the values of H′ and the evenness of groups (%p%<0.05), but not between H′ and the richness of groups in each fauna.;The composition similarities of the four faunas were measured with Jaccard coefficient, Gower coefficient and Pianka’s α index. It was shown that the four faunas were obviously heterogeneous in composition and the values of their similarity coefficients were generally low. Furthermore, fauna A and fauna B were the most similar of the four faunas by whichever the coefficient or index. Furthermore, the community compositions of forest macrofaunas at eleven areas (including Songshan Mountain) of different climatic zones in China were compared. All the five climatic zones in China were divided into two parts. One includes the mid-tropics and southern subtropics, and another includes the wide region from the mid-temperate zone to the mid-subtropics. In the former, Isoptera and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups, while Myriapoda and Hymenoptera were often the dominant or subdominant groups in the latter. ;Apart from that, an analytical approach for comparing the diversity of different soil faunas was also discussed in this paper. As is well known, one of the significant characteristics of soil faunas is that soil faunas are usually composed of many different taxa, whose individual numbers are generally greatly different either within a fauna or among faunas. It usually makes the diversity of soil faunas significantly correlational to the evenness but not to the richness of groups. As a result, the H′ value for a soil fauna with a simpler c...