Coarse woody debris (CWD), mainly found in the forms of snags, fallen wood, large branches, twigs and roots with diameter more than a certain value in forest ecosystems or stream ecosystems, it was often neglected as an ecological component in studying and managing many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In forest ecosystems, CWD has many crucial ecological functions such as habitat for organisms, a site for nitrogen fixation, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. Management of streams, lakes, and wetlands ...