The conservation of the Hainan black-crested gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is a significant case of the new Chinese National Parks system that integrates the government, NGOs, research institutes, local communities and the public media to save endangered species. This article reviews the changes in the taxonomy of Hainan black-crested gibbon and the research and conservation history of this species. The basic biological and ecological information of N. hainanus was summarized, including the past and current population status, population structure and reproductive parameters, home range and diet, habitat preference and genetic diversity. The protection measures for Hainan black-crested gibbon have implemented since the establishment of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (HTRNP) were outlined. The future is prospected from monitoring population dynamics, reproduction and health, while habitat identification, restoration and management. HTRNP has invested extraordinary resources into the research and conservation of Hainan black-crested gibbon which undeniably facilitate the current population status. However, this species is still facing various threats such as decline in genetic diversity, habitat fragmentation, human disturbance, and weather and climate extremes. Thus, it is urgent to develop pioneering and innovative studies, and focusing on the application of scientific findings into conservation actions.