生态学报  2014, Vol. 34 Issue (17): 4866-4873

文章信息

郭素民, 李钧敏, 李永慧, 闫明
GUO Sumin, LI Junmin, LI Yonghui, YAN Ming
空心莲子草响应南方菟丝子寄生的生长-防御权衡
The trade-off between growth and defense in Alternanthera philoxeroides parasitized by Cuscuta australis
生态学报, 2014, 34(17): 4866-4873
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(17): 4866-4873
http://dx.doi.org/10.5846/stxb201301060043

文章历史

收稿日期:2013-1-6
网络出版日期:2014-3-5
空心莲子草响应南方菟丝子寄生的生长-防御权衡
郭素民1, 2, 3, 李钧敏2, 3, 李永慧1, 3, 闫明1     
1. 山西师范大学生命科学学院, 临汾 041004;
2. 浙江省植物进化生态学与保护重点实验室, 台州 318000;
3. 台州学院生态研究所, 台州 318000
摘要:为探讨全寄生植物南方菟丝子(Cuscuta australis)防治入侵植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的可行性,以二者野外天然生长的种群为研究对象,分析南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草生长及防御的影响,阐明空心莲子草在受到寄生胁迫时如何权衡自身生长与防御的关系,进而发展出一套应对南方菟丝子寄生的生长-防御策略。结果显示:(1)南方菟丝子寄生显著改变空心莲子草茎的形态,茎直径和平均节间长均增加,茎直径变化极显著(P <0.01);(2)南方菟丝子寄生显著减少空心莲子草叶片数,但同时显著增加后者茎的分枝数, 而茎上的节是潜在的无性繁殖体,故有利于空心莲子草的克隆繁殖;此外,南方菟丝子寄生显著降低了空心莲子草的根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量,抑制空心莲子草的生长;(3)南方菟丝子寄生显著增加空心莲子草茎的单宁、总酚、三萜皂苷含量,增强其防御能力;(4)南方菟丝子寄生的空心莲子草的生物量与茎部木质素、三萜皂苷、单宁和总酚含量均呈现显著负相关性(P <0.01),对照组则不存在相关性;且寄生组较对照组相比,生物量的相对百分比显著低于对照组(P <0.01),而用于防御的次生代谢产物总含量的相对百分比显著高于对照组(P <0.01)。以上结果表明,受到南方菟丝子寄生胁迫后,空心莲子草改变自身的生长-防御策略,减少营养生长投入而将更多的资源投向克隆繁殖,同时增强对"防御"物质的投入,增强其防御能力,以利于后代生存和繁衍。
关键词入侵植物    空心莲子草    南方菟丝子    权衡    生长    防御    
The trade-off between growth and defense in Alternanthera philoxeroides parasitized by Cuscuta australis
GUO Sumin1, 2, 3, LI Junmin2, 3, LI Yonghui1, 3, YAN Ming1     
1. School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China;
2. Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou 318000, China;
3. Institute of Ecology, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
Abstract:The uncontrolled range expansion of invasive plant species has become a worldwide problem in this century. Finding suitable biological control measures for these invasive species has become a focus for many biologists. Using biological control species that are not native to the invaded community can generate further problems in the community. Thus, in recent years, scientists have started to look for enemies that are (1) able to inhibit growth in an invasive species, and (2) native to the invaded region. Parasitic plants are one example of such novel native enemies. Several studies provide support for the use of native parasitic plants as potential biological control agents for invasive plants. However, the exact response of invasive plants to the parasitic plants is still poorly known. In this study, the relationship between a common invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae) and its native parasitic plant Cuscuta australis (Convolvulaceae) was investigated. A. philoxeroides is a notorious invasive weed that originates from South America. It is widely distributed in China and has had a marked negative impact on local biodiversity and the economy of China. C. australis, a native holoparasitic plant in China, has been found to naturally parasitize invasive A. philoxeroides in the field. The growth of the parasite depends on assimilation of the host's nutrients and water. A field survey was conducted to investigate the trade-off between growth and defense in A. philoxeroides in response to parasitization by C. australis . Biomass of A. philoxeroides and the secondary metabolite composition in the stems with or without C. australis were measured. Results showed the following: (1) Root mass, stem mass, leaf mass, total biomass and leaf number of A. philoxeroides were significantly reduced in plants parasitized by C. australis, but the number of stem nodes significantly increased. Clonal reproduction of A. philoxeroides mainly relies on the stem nodes; thus, the results indicate a significant inhibition of growth and an increased investment in clonal reproductive ability. (2) Parasitization by C. australis significantly increased the secondary metabolite contents in stems of A. philoxeroides, including lignin, total phenols, tannins and tri-terpenoid saponin. These four types of secondary metabolite play important roles in the plant when under stress. The increase in secondary metabolites indicates an enhanced defense capability in the host. (3) The total biomass of A. philoxeroides parasitized by C. australis was significantly reduced, while the relative percentage content of secondary metabolites significantly increased. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found between total biomass and secondary metabolite content in stems of A. philoxeroides parasitized by C. australis. Overall, this study suggests that in response to parasitism by C. australis, A. philoxeroides alters its balance in investment between growth and defense, with less investment in growth and more on clonal reproduction and defense. Such a trade-off strategy between growth and defense may help invasive plants mitigate the negative effects of new native enemies in the invaded community. Nonetheless, native parasitic plants do provide a novel enemy for invasive plant species and may provide a less risky but effective way to control invasive plants.
Key words: invasive plant    Alternanthera philoxeroides    Cuscuta australis    trade-off    growth    defense    

生物防治目前已经成为防治有害入侵生物的重要方法[1]。常规的生物防治方法常通过引进入侵植物原产地的天敌来控制入侵植物,但原产地天敌释放后存在造成新的生物入侵的风险,因而越来越少被采用[2]。近年来,在入侵地天然群落中寻找新的本地天敌用于生物防治的方法不仅可以达到控制入侵植物的目的,而且具有生态安全等优点,逐渐成为生物防治的研究重点[3]。植物寄生可以显著影响入侵植物的生长、繁殖、生物量分配格局,最终导致入侵植物群落结构发生变化,恢复本地群落的物种多样性,达到生物防治的目的[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]。已有研究发现一些入侵植物在天然状态下被本地寄生植物所侵染,生长受到显著抑制,显著增加入侵群落的多样性,促进本地群落的恢复,表明寄生植物是一种有潜力的生物防治剂,如田野菟丝子(Cuscuta campestris)可用于防治薇甘菊[5, 6, 7],南方菟丝子(Cuscuta australis)可用于防治空心莲子草[4],无根藤属的Cassytha pubescens可用于防治金雀儿(Cytisus scoparius)[8]

外来入侵植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides) 由于其具有强大的克隆繁殖特性、广泛的生态适应机制及缺乏专一的自然天敌的控制从而成功入侵世界各地,对入侵地的环境及生态系统造成了严重威胁[10]。近年来,国内外对空心莲子草的研究不断深入,主要涉及其繁殖特性[11]、生境适应性[12, 13]、遗传多样性[14]以及防治[15, 16]等方面,但对于空心莲子草在入侵地的防御能力的演变的相关研究则很少。

植物的生长与防御之间往往存在着权衡[17]。植物在逆境环境下,如受到食草动物和病原体等生物因子的攻击,或是受到寒冷、干旱等非生物因子的胁迫时,可以通过减少对生长的投资,增加次生代谢产物的积累来增强对生物与非生物因子胁迫的防御[18, 19]。因此,假设入侵植物碰到本地新天敌——全寄生植物南方菟丝子时,除了养分流失导致的生长抑制外,还会通过改变其生长与防御的权衡策略,将更多的资源投入到防御,进一步抑制其生长。本文以野外天然生长的空心莲子草和南方菟丝子为研究对象,比较分析南方菟丝子寄生与未寄生时空心莲子草形态结构、生物量、次生代谢产物含量,判断其是否存在生长-防御权衡的改变,以为深入了解空心莲子草的入侵机理及南方菟丝子防治空心莲子草的可行性提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 植物样品采集

实验材料选自浙江省临海市的三江湿地(28°40′ N—29°04′ N,120°49′ E—121°41′ E)。空心莲子草主要依靠茎节进行营养繁殖[15, 20]。该样地中空心莲子草形成单优群落,南方菟丝子寄生空心莲子草的时间为5a[4]。于2012年7月上旬在无南方菟丝子寄生的空心莲子草群落中随机设置3 m×3 m的样方10个,在有南方菟丝子寄生的空心莲子草群落中随机设置3 m×3 m的样方30个,每个样方间隔30 m以上。在每个样方中随机采集10株空心莲子草(采样时注意保持植株的完整性),共100株作为对照组,共300株作为寄生组(确保植株上南方菟丝子的寄生盖度达70% 以上)。

1.2 空心莲子草茎形态观察和结构指标的测定

采用计数法统计每株空心莲子草的叶片数量、分枝数、节数,使用直尺和游标卡尺分别测量茎长和茎直径,并计算平均节间长。

1.3 空心莲子草各部位生物量的测定

将空心莲子草植株分为根、茎、叶各部位,105 ℃杀青0.5 h后,于70 ℃烘箱烘干至恒重,采用电子天平(精确至0.0001 g)称取根、茎、叶各部分的生物量,并计算总生物量。

1.4 空心莲子草次生代谢产物含量的测定

用高速研磨仪将空心莲子草的茎研磨成粉末,过0.25 mm筛,用于4种次生代谢产物含量的测定。采用浓硫酸法测定茎部木质素含量[21];采用紫外分光法分别测定空心莲子草茎部的单宁[22]、总酚[23]和三萜皂苷含量[24]。对照组共测定100株植株的样品,寄生组共测定300株植株的样品。

1.5 数据处理

每个样方对10株空心莲子草测定的数值取平均值作为该样方的数据后,再进行后续的数据处理,对照组共有10个样方的数据,寄生组共有30个样方的数据。数据采用平均数±标准差表示。利用One-way ANOVA比较寄生组与对照组的空心莲子草之间各指标的差异显著性,运用线性回归模型(LRM)对其进行回归统计和相关分析。数据处理均采用SPSS19.0软件完成,图形采用Origin8.0软件生成。

2 结果 2.1 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草茎形态结构的影响

南方菟丝子寄生显著改变空心莲子草茎的形态结构(图 1)。与对照组相比,南方菟丝子寄生后空心莲子草的茎直径极显著增加(P<0.01),而平均节间长变化不显著(P=0.816)。

图 1 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草茎形态结构的影响 Fig. 1 Effects of parasitism of Cuscuta australis on the morphological traits in the stem structure of Alternanthera philoxeroides
2.2 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草生长的影响

南方菟丝子寄生显著抑制了空心莲子草的生长(图 2)。与对照组相比,南方菟丝子寄生后空心莲子草茎的分枝数极显著增加(P<0.01),叶片数显著减少(P<0.05)。

图 2 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草生长的影响 Fig. 2 Effects of parasitism of Cuscuta australis on the growth of Alternanthera philoxeroides

南方菟丝子寄生后空心莲子草的生物量显著下降,其中对根生物量和叶生物量的影响极为显著(P<0.01),分别降低了59%和61%; 对茎生物量和总生物量影响显著(P<0.05),分别降低了41%和31%(图 3)。

图 3 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草生物量的影响 Fig. 3 Effects of parasitism of Cuscuta australis on the biomass of Alternanthera philoxeroides
2.3 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草茎部次生代谢产物含量的影响

南方菟丝子寄生胁迫下,空心莲子草茎部的4种次生代谢产物均显著增加,单宁和三萜皂苷含量均极显著增加(P<0.01),木质素和总酚含量显著增加(P<0.05)(图 4)。

图 4 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草茎次生代谢产物含量的影响 Fig. 4 Effects of the parasitism of Cuscuta australis on the secondary metabolites′ content in the stem of Alternanthera philoxeroides
2.4 空心莲子草对南方菟丝子寄生的生长-防御权衡

生物量与4种次生代谢产物含量的回归分析显示,无南方菟丝子寄生的对照组中,空心莲子草的生物量与茎木质素、三萜皂苷、单宁和总酚含量均无线性关系(P=0.128,P=0.290, P=0.107,P=0.287);但南方菟丝子寄生的空心莲子草的生物量与茎木质素、三萜皂苷、单宁和总酚含量均存在显著的线性关系(P<0.01)(图 5)。

图 5 寄生组空心莲子草生物量与4种次生代谢产物含量的回归分析 Fig. 5 Regression analysis between the biomass and the total contents of second metabolites of Alternanthera philoxeroides in response to parasitizing by Cuscuta australis

图 6可知,南方菟丝子寄生后,空心莲子草将更多的资源投入到防御中,4种次生代谢产物总量的相对百分比显著高于无寄生的对照组(F=18.880,P<0.01),而生物量的相对百分比要显著低于无寄生的对照组(F=18.880,P<0.01)。

图 6 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草生长-防御相对百分比含量的影响 Fig. 6 Effects of the parasitism of Cuscuta australis on the relative percentage of growth-defense of Alternanthera philoxeroides
3 讨论 3.1 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草形态结构及生长的影响

本实验室在早期野外采样研究中发现南方菟丝子寄生3a可抑制空心莲子草个体的生长,使空心莲子草的根生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量和总生物量下降,仅为对照的73%、58%、45%和57%,但与未被寄生群落中的植株相比不存在显著性差异,认为是由于寄生时间较短导致生物量差异不明显[4]。本文采用在同一样地的大规模采样与分析发现南方菟丝子寄生5a后空心莲子草根、茎和叶的生物量及总生物量均显著下降,分别降低了59%、41%、61%、31%,这一结果验证了上一个实验的解释的合理性[4],也与其它研究发现的菟丝子属植物寄生显著抑制入侵植物的生长的结果相一致[5, 6, 7, 9]

空心莲子草在受到南方菟丝子寄生胁迫后,会通过改变其形态结构来响应这种胁迫。本研究发现,南方菟丝子寄生后,空心莲子草叶片数显著减少,而茎分枝数显著增加。由于空心莲子草主要依靠茎节进行营养繁殖[15, 20],分枝数的增加意味着产生更多茎节,说明空心莲子草受到南方菟丝子胁迫时会减少营养生长的投入而将更多的资源投向繁殖,以便通过产生新繁殖部件来应对老繁殖部件营养的丢失与生长的抑制,更有利于下一代的繁殖[11]。本实验室在其它植物响应寄生植物胁迫时也发现了这一现象,具体的生理生态响应及有关机制有待进一步研究[9, 25]

3.2 南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草次生代谢产物含量的影响

植物的次生代谢物质在植物提高自身保护和生存竞争能力、协调与环境的关系上充当着重要的角色[19]。本研究发现南方菟丝子寄生胁迫下,空心莲子草茎的四种次生代谢产物,即木质素、单宁、总酚、三萜皂苷含量均显著增加。单宁是植物体内一种有效的化学防御物质,不仅可抵御病原体的侵害,而且可使植物具有苦涩的味道,降低草食动物与昆虫的取食。总酚和三萜皂苷是植物体内重要的防御物质[26]。在环境胁迫下,酚类化合物和萜类化合物的积累在化感作用中有重要作用[27],促进“植物-植物相互交流”,有助于植物进行主动防御[28],迅速提升植物的直接防御和间接防御能力。已有较多研究发现草食动物与昆虫取食会使植物的次生代谢产物含量迅速增加,增强植物的防御能力[19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]。南方菟丝子寄生胁迫下空心莲子草次生代谢产物的增加表明,空心莲子草对南方菟丝子寄生胁迫产生了一定的防御反应,其茎部次生代谢产物含量的增加可以提高空心莲子草对南方菟丝子的抵抗能力[16],减弱寄生植物吸器的形成,影响寄生植物对寄主植物营养的利用,从而阻碍其生长发育繁殖,但增高的次生代谢产物的可能的作用机理仍需进一步研究。

3.3 空心莲子草响应南方菟丝子寄生的生长-防御权衡

生物量是反映植株生长情况的重要指标,而次生代谢产物仅在植物面临食草动物啃食和病原体侵害等胁迫时才产生。最佳防御假说认为,植物次生代谢物质的产生是以减少植物生长为成本的,只有在次生代谢物质所能获得的防御收益大于植物生长获得的收益时,植物才产生次生代谢物质[31, 32]。因此,植株生长与次生代谢产物积累间往往存在权衡关系[33],这种权衡关系可反映出植物的生长-防御策略。

根据资源可利用性假说,草食昆虫取食与资源可利用性的关系会导致植物的生长-防御权衡发生改变。竞争力进化假说(EICA假说)也认为,由于外来植物在引入地往往会逃离天敌的控制,因此将重新调整其生长与防御的权衡关系,从而进化出更强的竞争能力和更弱的防御能力[34, 35]。Pan等通过比较分析原产地与入侵地的空心莲子草的生长及防御能力,证明了我国入侵地的空心莲子草受到原产地天敌昆虫胁迫时,生长-防御策略发生了变化,表现出较高的生长和较低的防御策略,增强自身对生长的能量分配,加快生长以更好在入侵地扩张[36, 37]。本研究采用线性回归分析野外天然生长的空心莲子草在南方菟丝子寄生胁迫下的生物量与次生代谢产物含量的相关性,发现未被南方菟丝子寄生的空心莲子草的生长-防御之间不存在线性相关,而南方菟丝子寄生的空心莲子草的生物量与茎木质素、三萜皂苷、单宁和总酚含量均具有极显著性负相关,即南方菟丝子寄生后,空心莲子草可改变生长-防御权衡策略,使总生物量下降,次生代谢产物含量增加,重新将更多的资源投入到防御,减少对生长的投资。

本研究发现空心莲子草在入侵地遇到新的自然天敌—南方菟丝子时,重新权衡生长与防御的能量分配,重复发展出其在原产地的策略,资源由“生长”向“防御”的再分配使得空心莲子草的防御能力增强。这种投资的权衡策略将有利于空心莲子草的生存,对空心莲子草在入侵地的扩张及其快速进化将具有重要的意义。但入侵植物在碰到本地新天敌之后是否都会重新产生新的生长-防御权衡策略?有待进一步研究。

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