This paper selected Hainan Island as the research area, collected the 5 phases land use data of 1980-2018 to analyze by ArcGIS. We used the equivalent factor method, ecosystem service change index (ESCI), and spatially statistical analysis method to explore the temporal and spatial change characteristics of land use and ecosystem service value (ESV) in Hainan Island. The results are shown as follows. (1) Forestland is the most important natural ecosystem in Hainan Island, accounting for more than 62% of its total area. The forestland area was firstly increased and then decreased in 1980-2018. The construction land increased rapidly, especially after 2010, with the growth rate of 122.46%, followed by the water area with the growth rate of 20.94%. Land use mainly presented the characteristics of changing from grassland to forest land, as well as from farmland and forestland to construction land or water area. (2) From 1980 to 2018, the overall ESV in Hainan Island showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with a total increase of 5.159 billion yuan and a growth rate of 2.56%. Among them, the ESV of forestland accounted for the highest proportion with more than 70%. The single ESV was mainly hydrology regulation and climate regulation, which accounted for more than 50% of the total ESV. (3) In terms of spatial distribution, the ESV of Hainan Island had obviously spatial differentiation features with high in the middle area and low in the surrounding area. The high value area shrank further and the low value area expanded gradually in time series. (4) The spatial distribution of ESV and its changes in 5 periods from 1980 to 2018 in Hainan Island had significantly positive autocorrelation. The hot spots of ESV increment were mainly distributed in storage areas such as Daguangba reservoir and aquaculture farms in the northeast of Hainan Island. The cold spots of ESV loss were mainly distributed in important urban areas such as Haikou and Sanya, Yangpu economic development zone and coastal areas with rich tourism resources.