Due to good water quality, abundant natural resources, and multiple biotopes, the shoal of Xinzhou provides excellent fish habitat. The community structure and species diversity of fish in the waters around the Xinzhou shoal were investigated seasonally in 2017. A total of 64 fish species from 50 genera, 12 families, and six orders were collected during the investigation, with cyprinids accounting for 62.50% of the collected species. Analysis of species richness and diversity indicated that the fish diversity of the Xinzhou waters was high, with great seasonal variation, and one-way ANOVA indicated that there were no significant spatial differences in fish diversity. Parabramis pekinensis Basilewsky, 1855, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Hemiculter bleekeri Warpachowsky, 1887, Squalidus argentatus Sauvage et Dabry, 1874, and Pseudobrama simoni Bleeker, 1864, were the dominant species. Omnivorous (42.19%) and piscivorous (35.94%) fish species were the most frequent of the four feeding functional groups, and sedentary fish species (84.37%) were the most frequent of the three ecological groups, whereas demersal fishes (37.50%) were the most frequent of the three habitat types. Large commercial fishes accounts for a very small percentage of the whole fishes, but they have a high relative importance index(IRI) value due to its big body. Overall, both the diversity and richness of the fish community around the Xinzhou shoal were high, and community evenness was stable, even though the trend of miniaturization continued. Overfishing, the disconnection of lakes from the Yangtze river due to hydraulic engineering construction, and alien species invasion could explain why the fishery resources is declining in the last decades. The continuous monitoring of fish resources is recommended to better understand the dynamics of fishery resources and to support the implementation of protection and conservation measures.