The benthic invertebrates and environmental factors were sampled and analyzed in May and August, 2018 from 19 sites of reed wetlands (11 freshwater recharge areas and 8 oil exploitation areas) in the Yellow River Delta. Multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the composition, dominant species, biodiversity, community of benthic invertebrate assemblages, as well as their relationships to the environmental factors. The results showed that 54 taxa collected by two samplings were mainly composed by Aquatic Insect, Gastropoda and Mollusca. There are obvious differences in composition of benthic invertebrates between freshwater recharge and oil exploitation area. Independent-Samples T Test showed that freshwater recharge area and oil exploitation area were significant different in environmental factors (P<0.05). Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that there were significant differences in insect and Gastropoda density between the two regions (P<0.05). The seasonal variations of Mollusca density and Gastropoda density were both significant (P<0.05). Ten species of benthic invertebrates were dominant in the study area. Eight species of benthic invertebrate were tested to be the indicator species in freshwater recharge area, but no indicator species were found in oil exploitation area. Cluster and nMDS analysis indicated the low similarity of the benthic invertebrate community between the freshwater recharge area and oil exploitation area. The RDA results showed that the community structure of benthic invertebrates in freshwater recharge area was mainly affected by Cond, TDS, Sal, pH, Eh, HCO₃^-, SO₄^2- and the influential environmental factor in oil exploitation areas were HCO₃^-and NH₄-N.