Research on the relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in the context of land use change is highlighted in social-ecological systems. Anding District is a fragile ecozone with extreme soil and water loss, and an ecologically poor area in the Loess Hilly region. Increasing human activities have weakened the ecological benefits during past few decades, thereby hindering the orderly improvement in human well-being. Hence, in this study, based on correlation and bivariate local spatial autocorrelation methods, the spatial and temporal trade-offs and synergies among land use intensity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in the Anding District were investigated at the county and township scales in 1990-2015, to formulate strategies for ecological management and well-being improvement according to local conditions. The results showed that (1) at the county scale, the trade-offs/synergies between land-use intensity, ecosystem services, and human well-being were similar. With increased land use intensity, the proportion of provisioning services continuously increased, proportion of supporting and regulating services decreased as a whole, and many aspects of human well-being improved; (2) at the township scale, the decrease in land-use intensity in Bailu and increase in the regulating service ratio in Gaofeng reflected the differences; (3) the increased land-use intensity enhanced the trade-off relationship between provisioning and supporting services to a certain extent, and the competition of ecosystem provisioning and supporting services mainly concentrated in northern and southwestern Anding; (4) the tradeoff degree of ecosystem services was higher, which is not in favor of the improvement of ecosystem services and human well-being; regional poverty alleviation should be based on the improvement of human well-being, and a win-win situation and sustainable development of economic and ecological benefits of the social ecosystem must be attained. Returning farmland to forest, developing characteristic industries, and exporting labor are the main ways to solve the ecological and economic poverty in the Anding District.