Terminal products and services that human beings directly acquire or enjoy from ecosystems are defined as ecological well-being, based on the theory of ecosystem services. The relevant characterization methods were established based on the perspective of justice and efficiency. The current study analyzed the spatial and temporal pattern of per capita ecological well-being and eco-economic efficiency from 2001 to 2013 in the Chinese mainland provinces. The results indicated that during the period studied, inter-provincial per capita ecological well-being of Chinese mainland ranged between 0.798 and 0.806, which represents a state of extreme inequality; the standard deviation of inter-provincial eco-economic efficiency ranged from 2.110 to 7.716, indicating the absolute difference was relatively high. The Chinese mainland inter-provincial per capita ecological well-being, as well as eco-economic efficiency indicated an inconspicuous tendency of overall convergence (σ-convergence) during the 13 years studied. The per capita ecological well-being showed an absolute β-convergence with a low rate of 0.16%, whereas the eco-economic efficiency showed conditional β-convergence with being driven by significant advancements in science and technology and input from scientific research. Spatially we found that Chinese mainland per capita ecological well-being and eco-economic efficiency exhibited spatial heterogeneity in the northwestern and southeastern directions between the "HU line." Their centers were located in Qinghai (5.76 m per year to the northwest) and Anhui (3.95 m per year to the northwest), respectively. With the background of high-consumption and high-pollution industries gradually moving to the mid-western area, we should strike a balance between ecological protection and economic development, based on the perspective of justice and efficiency, and promote the common improvement of eco-economic efficiency of the western region and per capita ecological well-being of the eastern.