Community structure and edaphon quantity play important roles in soil quality changes and nutrition cycling. There have been many studies on the relationships between soil microbial properties and fertilizer application. However, to our knowledge, there is no information concerning the soil microbial properties affected by organic and inorganic slow-release compound fertilizers, which are widely used in agricultural production. To reveal the influence of slow-release compound fertilizer on soil microorganisms, six treatments, consisting of soil mixed with different fertilizers, were placed in an incubator at 25℃ and 80% field capacity. These were a control (CK, without fertilization), moderate doses of chemical fertilizer (CF1), common compound fertilizer (CCF1), slow-release compound fertilizer (SRF1), and slow-release compound fertilizer at high and excessive levels (SRF2 and SRF3, respectively), and each treatment was repeated three times. Soil microbial properties, such as contents and compositions of microbial PLFA (Phospholipid fatty acid), the microbial community, the ratios of different microorganisms etc. were investigated, and principal components analysis and cluster analysis of soil microbes were also undertaken.The results showed that the soil microbial properties were significantly improved by slow-release compound fertilizers. The soil microbial biomass carbon in the SRF1, SRF2, and SRF3 treatments increased significantly compared to CK and CF1, and SRF1, SRF2, and SRF3 soil microbial biomass nitrogen increased significantly compared to CK, CF1 and CCF1. The soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels increased as the application rate of the slow-release compound fertilizer rose, but it was not in a direct ratio, and there were significant differences between SRF1 and SRF2. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content was highest in SRF2, and the total PLFA content in SRF1, SRF2 and SRF3 increased by 7.4%-26.7% more than in CK, 17.6%-38.7% more than in CF1, and 12.8%-33.0% more than in CCF1. There were 18 microbial types marked by phospholipid fatty acid in SRF2, one type more than in SRF1, two types more than in CF1 and SRF3, and three types more than in CK and CCF1. At the same time, SRF2 was the best treatment among the three slow-release compound fertilizer levels, and the SRF2 total PLFA content was 16.4% more than SRF1 and 17.9% more than SRF3. The PLFA quantities for soil bacteria, actinomycetes, gram positive bacteria, and gram negative bacteria were significantly higher in SRF1 and SRF2 than in CF1 and CCF1. The ratios of soil microbial communities could be a sensitive indicator for predicting changes in soil ecosystems, and the slow-release compound fertilizer treatments were able to improve the stability of the ecosystem. Principal components analysis and cluster analysis showed that many of the dominant PLFAs were found in the fertilizer treatments, and SRF3 was different from SRF1 and SRF2 according to their distributions in the principal components analysis. In summary, slow-release compound fertilizerssignificantly improved soil microbial community structure compared to chemical fertilizer and common compound fertilizer at an appropriate level of fertilization, and SRF2 was the best among the three levels of slow-release compound fertilizer treatments.