Tillage and crop residue input are two important factors to effect on the distribution and stability of soil water-stable aggregation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes of soil water-stable aggregate distribution and stability after 10 years in response to long-term tillage and crop straw management experiment in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) and maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in the North China Plain. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, the main plots involved five tillage systems, which included no-till (NT), subsoiling (ST), harrow tillage (HT) and rotary tillage (RT), with the conventional tillage (CT) as the control; the subplots involved two residue management methods: straw returning (P) or straw removal (A). As a result, the distributions of soil water-stable aggregate revealed varied characters in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers under the different tillage and straw management treatments. The size class of soil water-stable aggregate decreased with the soil layers deepening, while the distribution range were increased, the main ranges in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers were 2-5 mm, 0.5-5 mm and 0.25-5 mm size classes, respectively. Suitable tillage combination with crop straw input increased the proportion and stability of water-stable macro-aggregate. The proportion and stability of water-stable macro-aggregate in the 0-10cm under the PS, PR, PH and PN treatments were significant higher than that of the straw removal treatments (P < 0.05), and they significant related with the straw input (P < 0.001) and the interaction between it and tillage (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the stability of water-stable macro-aggregate also correlated with the soil organic carbon (SOC) content of these straw returning treatments according to the multiple regression analysis (P < 0.01). Crop straw input significant increased the content of SOC and more SOC accumulated at the top of soil under conservational tillage methods such as under PS, PR, PH and PN, their contents significant higher than that of AS, AR AH and AN, respectively, this result further impacted on the stability of aggregate in different treatments in the 0-10 cm layer, but the SOC level did not influence on the stability in the 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers. The highest proportions in the 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers were observed at the PS treatment, the main driving factor of this result in the 10-20 cm layer were the tillage (P < 0.001) and the interaction between tillage and straw (P < 0.001), while in the 20-30 cm layer were the straw (P < 0.001) and the interaction between tillage and straw (P < 0.001). No tillage combination with crop straw input could improve the proportion and stability of water-stability aggregate.