In despite of many researches on relations between biomass carbon and tree growth, the similar soil organic carbon (SOC) relations were rarely surveyed and conclusions are also controversial to date. Through the clarification of these growth-related differences between biomass and SOC, we tried to explore some simple indicators for identifying the changes of SOC during forest development. An investigation was carried out on the biomass, aboveground litter mass and SOC dynamics of 139 chronosequence plots of larch plantation forests in Northeast China. Our results showed that: 1) Tree age was a credible parameter to describe biomass carbon changes. Significant linear correlations between larch body size (DBH: diameter at breast height, tree height and plant biomass) and tree age were observed (P<0.001). Similarly, significant increases in stand biomass density (biomass per one unit area of soil) with tree age were also observed (R²=0.35-0.6, P<0.001); 2) Surface litter mass was quadratically related with tree age, i.e., obvious escalation before the age of 37, but decrease thereafter was observed (P<0.05). Other growth parameters, such as DBH, tree height, tree size as well as biomass density were linearly correlated with the litter mass above soil surface (R²=0.14-0.82, P<0.001), and the best correlation was found in tree height. Thus, tree height should be the optimal parameter to evaluate the changes of litter mass in larch plantations; 3) Various parameters of tree age, tree size and biomass density had rather similar relations with SOC storage in different soil layers. In general, SOC in deep soils (>40 cm) was negatively correlated with plantation age, while positive mounting SOC was found in the surface soil (but without statistical significance (P>0.05)). This contrary changes made the SOC ratio between 0-40 cm and 40-80 cm increased significantly with plantation age (P<0.01). Similarly, the tree size parameters were significantly negatively correlated with deep SOC (P<0.05) and the ratio between surface and deep soil SOC also displayed a significant upward trend with increasing DBH and tree height (P<0.05). However, stand biomass density (above and below ground), which has taken the individual tree size and tree density into account, did not significantly correlated with the SOC changes (P>0.05). These results suggested that the simple parameters of stand age, tree height and DBH are even better than some sophisticated parameters (e.g. biomass density) for evaluating the change of SOC (both vertical distribution and absolute storage). Owing to the fact that SOC in deep soil is more stable than that in surface, the increase of SOC ratio indicates that more SOC may accumulate in surface layer, and this will be a risk of soil carbon return atmosphere(for example in a fire). In all, carbon storage changes during the development of larch plantation forests is obvious both aboveground and belowground. Besides the main part of biomass carbon, soil carbon is also remarkable and should be carefully considered in carbon budget studies. This discovery is of a guiding significance for the afforestation of carbon sink larch forests in northeastern China.