The important goal of protection and restoration of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland is to maintain and enhance the regional ecosystem services. Based on the concept of life community of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland, and aiming at maintaining and improving the important ecosystem services needed for human well-being, we proposed a systematic governance framework of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland from the perspective of ecosystem services to achieve the overall protection, quality improvement, and pattern optimization of the ecosystem in the watershed. On the basis of the framework, taking the Dongting Lake Basin as a case, the ecological security pattern of the basin was constructed through the analysis of ecosystem pattern, ecosystem quality, the importance assessment of ecosystem services and the identification of ecological problems in the basin, and the suggestions of systematic protection and restoration layout were given for realizing the sustainable life community of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland. This paper provides referable indices and quantitative analysis methods for identifying the important areas of ecological protection and restoration of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland in the basin, as well as thoughts and ways for constructing ecological security pattern at the basin scale to realize the systematic protection and restoration of ecosystem.