The scale effects on landscape patterns are not only crucial for determining characteristics of change and ecological processes in the landscape patterns, but also a major issue in landscape ecology research. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery has great potential for the study of scale effects on urban landscape patterns because of its high spatial resolution, versatility, and remarkable operational improvements in recent years. In this study, the landscape classes of urban land use were extracted from UAV imagery of Luohe central city with 0.09 m spatial resolution based on Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The scale effects on land use patterns were quantified by using FRAGSTATS 4.2 and principles of landscape ecology. The results were as follows:(1) The landscape indexes were sensitive to the variance of grain and extent. (2) The smaller the spatial grain size was, the more stable the change trend of the landscape indexes was, which usually brought more realistic processes of ecology in the landscape patterns; the grain size effect on landscape patterns at the landscape level was mainly caused by the changes of landscape dominance, fragmentation, and aggregation of buildings, roads, and green land; 35 m was the largest threshold of spatial grain size, whereas 3 m was the optimal spatial grain size during the study of grain size effect. (3) The landscape dominance, fragmentation, and contagion decreased, whereas the landscape complexity and aggregation increased with the increase in spatial extent; the landscape patterns had obvious spatial gradient distribution characteristics, with the transition from impermeable soil surfaces in the central city to the permeable soil surfaces in the outside city; the aggregation of buildings and roads was higher in the central city area, whereas the fragmentation of green land was higher in the city, and all of these factors led to the gradient change in the landscape patterns at the landscape level; the stability of the landscape components was related to the city scale. (4) The UAV survey technology could generate urban landscape ecological information with accuracy and efficiency, reveal the response characteristics of the scale effects on landscape patterns, and provide a scientific basis for the optimization of landscape patterns and the planning of the urban-rural landscape.